Links, Resources and Citations

1. United Nations (UN) Population Division (2018) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. and Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. 2020. “U.S. Cities Factsheet.” Pub. No. CSS09-06.
2. Klepeis NE, Nelson WC, Ott WR, Robinson JP, Tsang AM, Switzer P, Behar JV, Hern SC, Engelmann WH. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2001 May-Jun;11(3):231-52. doi: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500165. PMID: 11477521.
3. Prakash, Jyoti; Ali, Tahoora1; Chaudhury, Suprakash1; Srivastava, Kalpana. Declining mental health: An aftermath of fast-paced urbanization. Industrial Psychiatry Journal 32(2):p 199-201, Jul–Dec 2023. | DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_299_23
4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2023). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP23-07-01-006, NSDUH Series H-58). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-nsduh-annual-national-report
5. Jimenez MP, DeVille NV, Elliott EG, Schiff JE, Wilt GE, Hart JE, James P. Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 30;18(9):4790. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094790. PMID: 33946197; PMCID: PMC8125471.
6. Engemann K, Pedersen CB, Arge L, Tsirogiannis C, Mortensen PB, Svenning JC. Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Mar 12;116(11):5188-5193. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1807504116. Epub 2019 Feb 25. PMID: 30804178; PMCID: PMC6421415.
7. Malani P, Singer D, Kirch M, Solway E, Roberts S, Smith E, Hutchens L, Kullgren J. Trends in Loneliness Among Older Adults from 2018-2023. University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging. March 2023. Available at: vdx.doi.org/10.7302/7011
8. Hunter MaryCarol R. , Gillespie Brenda W. , Chen Sophie Yu-Pu. Urban Nature Experiences Reduce Stress in the Context of Daily Life Based on Salivary Biomarkers. Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 10 (2019). www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00722. DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00722
9. White, M. P., Alcock, I., Wheeler, B. W., & Depledge, M. H. (2013). Would You Be Happier Living in a Greener Urban Area? A Fixed-Effects Analysis of Panel Data. Psychological Science, 24(6), 920-928. doi.org/10.1177/0956797612464659 (Original work published 2013)
10. Beyer KMM, Szabo A, Hoormann K, Stolley M. Time spent outdoors, activity levels, and chronic disease among American adults. J Behav Med. 2018 Aug;41(4):494-503. doi: 10.1007/s10865-018-9911-1. Epub 2018 Jan 30. PMID: 29383535; PMCID: PMC6031452.
11. Christiana RW, Besenyi GM, Gustat J, Horton TH, Penbrooke TL, Schultz CL. A Scoping Review of the Health Benefits of Nature-Based Physical Activity. J Healthy Eat Act Living. 2021 Sep 1;1(3):154-172. PMID: 37799195; PMCID: PMC10550037.
12. White, M. P., Alcock, I., Grellier, J., Wheeler, B. W., Hartig, T., Warber, S. L., Bone, A., Depledge, M. H., & Fleming, L. E. (2019). Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 7730–11. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3
13. Gascon, M., Zijlema, W., Vert, C., White, M.P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. (2017). Outdoor blue spaces, human health and well-being: A systematic review of quantitative studies. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 220 (8), 1207-1221. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.004.
14. Pillemer K, Fuller-Rowell TE, Reid MC, Wells NM. Environmental volunteering and health outcomes over a 20-year period. Gerontologist. 2010 Oct;50(5):594-602. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnq007. Epub 2010 Feb 19. PMID: 20172902; PMCID: PMC2937248.

NOTE: Citation numbering here corresponds to citation numbering on fact sheet.

1. Foehr, U. G., Rideout, V. J., & Roberts, D. F. (2010, January). Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8- to 18-Year-Olds. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/8010.pdf
2. Physical Activity Alliance. The 2024 United States Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. Washington, DC: Physical Activity Alliance, 2024.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data Summary & Trends Report: 2013–2023. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2024.
4. CDC. (2025, January). Data and Statistics on Children’s Mental Health. CDC. www.cdc.gov/children-mental-health/data-research/index.html
5. Hickman, C., Marks, E., Pihkala, P., Clayton, S., Lewandowski, R. E., Mayall, E. E., Wray, B., Mellor, C., & van Susteren, L. (2021). Climate anxiety in children and young people and their beliefs about government responses to climate change: A global survey. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5(12). doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00278-3
6. Hunter MR, Gillespie BW and Chen SY-P (2019) Urban Nature Experiences Reduce Stress in the Context of Daily Life Based on Salivary Biomarkers. Front. Psychol. 10:722. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00722
7. Himschoot, E. Lloyd, J., & Reuben, A. (2020). Improving Child & Adolescent Mental Health Through Outdoor Programming. Yale Center for Business and the Environment. cbey.yale.edu/sites/default/files/2020-10/Improving_child_mental__health.pdf
8. Zamora, A.N., Waselewski, M.E., Frank, A.J. et al. Exploring the beliefs and perceptions of spending time in nature among U.S. youth. BMC Public Health 21, 1586 (2021). doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11622-x
9. Schaefer L, Plotnikoff RC, Majumdar SR, Mollard R, Woo M, Sadman R, Rinaldi RL, Boulé N, Torrance B, Ball GD, Veugelers P, Wozny P, McCargar L, Downs S, Lewanczuk R, Gleddie D, McGavock J. Outdoor time is associated with physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness in youth. J Pediatr. 2014 Sep;165(3):516-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.05.029. Epub 2014 Jul 17. PMID: 25043155.
10. CDC. (2024, April 3). Health Benefits of Physical Activity for Children. Physical Activity Basics. www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/health-benefits/children.html
11. Faber Taylor, A., & Kuo, F. E. (2009). Children With Attention Deficits Concentrate Better After Walk in the Park. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12(5), 402-409. doi.org/10.1177/1087054708323000 (Original work published 2009)
12. Lingham, G., Yazar, S., Lucas, R.M. et al. Time spent outdoors in childhood is associated with reduced risk of myopia as an adult. Sci Rep 11, 6337 (2021). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85825-y
13. White, M. P., Alcock, I., Grellier, J., Wheeler, B. W., Hartig, T., Warber, S. L., Bone, A., Depledge, M. H., & Fleming, L. E. (2019). Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 7730–11. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3
14. Wyles, K. J., White, M. P., Hattam, C., Pahl, S., King, H., & Austen, M. (2017). Are Some Natural Environments More Psychologically Beneficial Than Others? The Importance of Type and Quality on Connectedness to Nature and Psychological Restoration. Environment and Behavior, 51(2), 111-143. doi.org/10.1177/0013916517738312 (Original work published 2019)
15. Gascon, M., Zijlema, W., Vert, C., White, M.P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. (2017). Outdoor blue spaces, human health and well-being: A systematic review of quantitative studies. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 220 (8), 1207-1221. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.004

NOTE: Citation numbering here corresponds to citation numbering on fact sheet.